Timeline 425 BC-425 AD

Institutions 425 BC

• (431) The Greek physician and philosopher Empedocles articulates the notion that the human body has four humors: blood, bile, black bile, and phlegm, a belief that dominates medical thinking for centuries.
  
• (430) First performance of Sophocles’s Oedipus the King
  
• (429) The plague of Athens, a devastating epidemic, hit the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece during the second year of the Peloponnesian War, killing nearly 1/3 of the population
  
• (427) Greek Historian, Herodotus, composes Historiae in which he argues for an environmental case of human variability as a cause or adaptation to differing environments.
  
• Pythagoras of Samos, Greek Mathematician, discoverer of the Pythagorean theorem.
  

Governance 425 BC

• (431) the Peloponnesian War begins between Sparta and Athens and their allies.
  
• (428) Mytilene rebels against Athens but is crushed.
  
• (428) Sparta attempts to crush a rebellion on Corcyra, but cancels the efforts when the Athenians try to intercept them.
  
• (427) Platea surrenders to the Spartans, who execute over 200 prisoners and destroy the city.
  
• (427) the Athenians intervene in Sicily to blockade Sparta from the island
  
• (425) Nehemiah institutes the 3^rd and final return from exile and rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem. Later he oversees the political restoration of the land of Israel.
  
• (425) The Athenians invade Sphacteria and defeat the Spartans in the battle of Pylos.
  
• (424) Sicily withdraws from the war and expels every foreign power. Thus, Athens is forced to withdraw from the island.
  

Commerce 425 BC

• (425) Demosthenes captures the port of Pylos in the Peloponnesus.
  
• Olive oil was the principal fat consumed
  

Technology 425 BC

• (432) Athens adopts a 19 year cycle of synchronizing solar and lunar calendars.
  
• The Greeks invent the Anchor with Flukes
  
• The Greeks invent linear perspective
  
• The Greeks start to use shear-leg cranes for construction and loading of ships.
  
• Trebuchet catapult is the first used by followers of the Chinese philosopher Mozi.
  
• Cast Iron is first used in the Chinese kingdom of Wu with the innovation of the blast furnace, and soon becomes widespread for agricultural tools and weapons during the Warring States.
  
• The Chinese hydraulic engineer Ximen Bao oversees an enormous canal system for agricultural irrigation.
  
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Institutions 425 AD

• (425) Buddhism begins to spread to Southeast Asia
  
• (425) last known useage of Demotic
  
• Armenian alphabet created by Mesrob Mashtot
  
• Anglo-Saxon futhorc alphabet used in England
  
• (431) St. Patrick, completed the conversion to Christianity in Ireland
  

Governance 425 AD

• (425) October 23 – Valentinian III becomes Western Roman Emperor
  
• (430) Ilopango erupted, devastating Mayan cities in present-day El Salvador.
  
• (433) Attila the Hun was leader of the Huns
  
• (439) Vandals conquer Carthage
  
• (440) The Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain.
  

Commerce 425 AD

• Unable to find information on commerce at this time.
  

Technology 425 AD

• Horse Collar invented in China
  
• Heavy Plow in use in Slavic lands
  
• Metal Horseshoes become common in Gaul